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Parischnogaster alternata
The Black hover wasp, ''Parischnogaster alternata'', is a eusocial wasp in the genus ''Parischnogaster''. It is native to countries in South-East Asia, and builds its nests in cavities located in dark and damp locations.〔Bolton, A. "Colony Genetic Structure in a Facultatively Eusocial Hover Wasp." Behavioral Ecology 17.6 (2006): 873-80. Web.〕〔Coster-Longman, Christina. "Laboratory Observations on the Social Behaviour of ''Parischnogaster Alternata'' (Vespidae Stenogastrinae)."Ethology Ecology & Evolution 6.Sup1 (1994): 31-36. Web.〕 The nests of Black hover wasps are often found in clusters, which serves as a passive defense mechanism against predators.〔Landi, M., C. Coster-Longman, and S. Turillazzi. "Are the Selfish Herd and the Dilution Effects Important in Promoting Nest Clustering in the Hover Wasp (Stenogastrinae Vespidae Hymenoptera)?" Ethology Ecology & Evolution 14.4 (2002): 297-305. Web.〕 The annual colony cycle begins with nest initiation by a single foundress though colonies typically consist of 2-3 associative females and helpers that aid in brood development, nest construction, and colony defense.〔〔 Indicative of the name, female ''P. alternata'' are known to strategically hover near nests when visiting other colonies before landing. These intrusions produce responses ranging from aerial fighting to cooperative food sharing.〔Turillazzi, S., R. Cervo, and F.r. Dani. "Intra and Inter-specific Relationships in a Cluster of Stenogastrine Wasp Colonies (Hymenoptera Vespidae)." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 9.4 (1997): 385-95. Web.〕
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''Parischnogaster alternata'' was originally named by Shoichi Francisco Sakagami in 1969.〔"Black Hover Wasp (Parischnogaster Alternata) - Information on Black Hover Wasp - Encyclopedia of Life." Encyclopedia of Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2014〕 ''P. alternata'' is one of ten species in the genus ''Parischnogaster''.〔Carpenter, James M. "The Phylogenetic System of the Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Journal of the New York Enotmological Society 96.2 (1988): 140-75. Web.〕 In current literature, ''P. alternata'' has been classified as potentially synonymous with another species, ''Parischnogaster timida'' discovered by Williams in 1928. These two synonymies may result in future renaming of the species.〔Carpenter, James M., and Jun-ichi Kojima. "Checklist of the Species in the Subfamily Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Journal of the New York Enotmological Society 104.1/2 (1996): 21-36. Web. .〕 The closest relative is ''Parischnogaster striatula''. In a phylogenetic classification study, ''P. striatula'' was misclassified for ''P. alternata'' suggesting close genetic relatedness. These two species are both a part of the striatula-group due to shared descriptive characteristics such as the length and width of the petiole and the separation of the clypeus from the eye.〔Baracchi, David, Leonardo Dapporto, and Stefano Turillazzi. "Relevance of Wing Morphology in Distinguishing and Classifying Genera and Species of Stenogastrinae WaspsDavid." Contributions to Zoology 80.3 (2011): 191-99. Web.〕
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